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Asmussen, Jens, “Rasmus Rask og den iranske filologi”, in Rasmus Rask 200 år: Fem artikler i anledning af Rasmus Rasks 200 årsdag den 22. november 1987, Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, 1987, p. 12-13.
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Codices Orientales Bibliothecæ Regiæ Hafniensis, Niels Ludvig Westergaard and August Ferdinand van Mehren (eds.), Copenhagen, Berling, 1846-1857, 3 vols.
Cormack, Margaret, The saints in Iceland: Their veneration from the conversion to 1400, Subsidia hagiographica 78, Bruxelles, Société des Bollandistes, 1994.
Dahl, Svend, “Det kongelige Bibliotheks orientalske Haandskriftsamling: Hovedtræk af dens Historie og Katalogisiering”, in Øst og Vest: Afhandlinger tilegnede Prof. Dr. phil. Arthur Christensen paa Halvfjerdsaarsdagen d. 9. Januar 1945 af Nordiske Orientalister og Folkemindeforsker, Ejnar Munksgaard (ed.), Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1945, p. 21-43.
Diderichsen, Paul, Rasmus Rask und die grammatische Tradition: Eine Studie über den Wendepunkt in der Sprachgeschichte, Internationale Bibliothek für allgemeine Linguistik 33, Munich, Fink, 1976.
Eggen, Erik, The sequences of the archbishopric of Nidarós, Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana 21, Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1968, 2 vols.
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Fornaldar sögur nordrlanda, ed. Carl Christian Rafn, Copenhagen, H. F. Popp, 1829-1830, 3 vols.
Gegnir, n.d., http://www.gegnir.is (accessed 1 January 2016).
Gunnar Karlsson, Iceland’s 1100 years: History of a marginal society, London, Hurst, 2000.
Handrit, n.d., http://www.handrit.is (accessed 1 January 2016).
Helgi Magnússon, “Fræðafélög og bókaútgáfa”, in Upplýsingin á Íslandi: Tíu ritgerðir, Ingi Sigurðsson (ed.), Reykjavík, Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag, 1990, p. 183-215.
Hufnagel, Silvia, Sörla saga sterka: Transmission studies of a fornaldarsaga, Ph.D.-thesis, University of Copenhagen, 2012, 2 vols.
Ingi Sigurðsson, The historical works of Jón Espólín and his contemporaries: Aspects of Icelandic historiography, Ph.D.-thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1972.
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Íslenzk fornkvæði, vol. 3, ed. Jón Helgason, Editiones Arnamagnæanæ B 13, Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1963.
Jakobi-Mirwald, Christine, Das mittelalterliche Buch: Funktion und Ausstattung, Reclams Universal-Bibliothek 18315, Stuttgart, Reclam, 2004.
Jón Þorkelsson, Om digtningen på Island i det 15. og 16. århundrede, Copenhagen, Høst, 1888.
Jón Þórarinsson, Íslensk tónlistasaga 1000-1800, Reykjavík, Tónlistasafn Íslands, 2012.
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Jónsbók: The laws of later Iceland; The Icelandic text according to MS AM 351 fol. Skálholtsbók eldri, ed. and transl. Jana K. Schulman, Bibliotheca Germanica, Series Nova 4, Saarbrücken, AQ-Verlag, 2010.
Kalinke, Marianne E., Bridal-quest romance in medieval Iceland, Islandica 46, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1990.
Kalinke, Marianne E., and Mitchell, Stephen A., Bibliography of Old Norse-Icelandic romances, Islandica 44, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1985.
Kammerkórinn Carmina, Melódía, Árni Heimir Ingólfsson (cond.), 2007, CD.
Katalog over den Arnamagnæanske håndskriftsamling, ed. Kristian Kålund, Copenhagen, Gyldendal, 1889-1894, 2 vols.
Kretschmer, Bernd, Höfische und altwestnordische Erzähltradition in den Riddarasögur: Studien zur Rezeption der altfranzösischen Artusepik am Beispiel der Erex saga, Ívens saga und Parcevals saga, Hattingen, Kretschmer, 1982.
Les sagas de chevaliers (Riddarasögur): Actes de la Ve conférence internationale sur les sagas (Toulon, juillet 1982), Régis Boyer (ed.), Civilisations 10, Paris, Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne, 1985.
Louis-Jensen, Jonna, “Rasmus Rask på Island”, in Rasmus Rask 200 år: Fem artikler i anledning af Rasmus Rasks 200 årsdag den 22. november 1987, Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, 1987, p. 5-8.
Medieval Scandinavia: An encyclopedia, Phillip J. Pulsiano (ed.), Garland encylopedias of the Middle Ages 1, New York, Garland, 1993.
Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben, Kapitler af Nordens litteratur i oldtid og middelalder, Judith Jesch and Jørgen Jørgensen Højgaard (eds.), Aarhus, Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2006.
Müller, Peter E., Preface to Rask, Rasmus K., Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum Biörnonis Haldorsonii, Copenhagen, Schuboth, 1814, vol. 1, p. iii-xv.
Nordstrand, Ove K., “Bog og skrift i Ceylon”, Fund og Forskning, 7, 1960, p. 138-150.
Nordstrand, Ove K., “Rasmus Rasks ceylonophold”, Fund og Forskning, 8, 1961, p. 53-78.
Nordstrand, Ove K., “A note on Rasmus Rask and the Ceylonese manuscripts at the Library of the Wesleyan Mission, Colombo, in 1822”, Journal of the Sri Lanka Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series 18, 1974, p. 70-73.
Old Norse-Icelandic literature: A critical guide, Carol Clover and John Lindow (eds.), Islandica 45, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1985.
Páll Eggert Ólason, Menn og menntir siðskiptaaldarinnar á Íslandi, Reykjavík, 1919-1926, 4 vols.
Rask, Kirsten, Rasmus Rask: Store tanker i et lille land, Copenhagen, Gad, 2002.
Róbert Abraham Ottósson, “Ein føgur Saung Vijsa…”, in Afmælisrit Jóns Helgasonar 30. júní 1969, Jakob Benediktsson, Jón Samsonarson, Jónas Kristjánsson, Ólafur Halldórsson and Stefán Karlsson (eds.), Reykjavík, Heimskringla, 1969, p. 251-259.
Schlauch, Margaret, Romance in Iceland, London, Allen & Unwin, 1934.
Simek, Rudolf, and Hermann Pálsson, Lexikon der altnordischen Literatur, 2nd edition, Stuttgart, Kröner, 2007.
Skrá um handritasöfn Landsbókasafns, ed. Páll Eggert Ólason, Reykjavík, Landsbókasafn Íslands, 1918-1937, 3 vols.
Stories for all time: The Icelandic fornaldarsögur, n.d., http://www.fasnl.ku.dk (accessed January 1, 2016).
Sturlaugs saga starfsama: The two versions of Sturlaugs saga starfsama; A decipherment, edition, and translation of a fourteenth century Icelandic mythical-heroic saga, ed. and transl. Otto Zitzelsberger, Düsseldorf, Triltsch, 1969.
The Arnamagnæan Collection, Copenhagen, Denmark: arkivæske 5 and 12.
The legendary sagas: Origins and development, Annette Lassen, Agneta Ney and Ármann Jakobsson (eds.), Reykjavík, University of Iceland Press, 2012.
Thomsen, Vilhelm, “Rasmus Kristian Rask”, in Dansk biografisk leksikon grundlagt af C. F. Bricka, Povl Engelstoft and Svend Dahl (eds.), Copenhagen, Schultz, 1940, vol. 19, p. 180-194.
Torfi H. Tulinius, The matter of the North: The rise of literary fiction in thirteenth-century Iceland, Randi C. Eldevik (transl.), The Viking collection 13, Odense, Odense Universitetsforlag, 2002.
Tvísöngur: Íslensk fjölröddun, Árni Heimir Ingólfsson (cond.), 2004, CD.
Vésteinn Ólason, The traditional ballads of Iceland: Historical studies, Rit 22, Reykjavík, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, 1982.
Vésteinn Ólason, Dialogues with the Viking age: Narration and representation in the sagas of the Icelanders, Andrew Wawn (transl.), Reykjavík, Heimskringla, 1998.
Whaley, Diana, Heimskringla: An introduction, Viking society for Northern research text series 8, London, Viking society for Northern research, 1991.
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Notes
In this article no difference will be made between Old Norse and Modern Icelandic, according to Rask’s own usage of the terms.
N. M. Petersen is cited as the originator of this number, cf. Thomsen, 1940, p. 191.
Asmussen, 1987, p. 13.
Louis-Jensen, 1987, p. 8.
This part of the article is based on the standard biography of Rask, Thomsen, 1940, unless otherwise stated. A biography with a considerable amount of personal information is Rask, 2002.
For introductory information on Heimskringla, cf. articles such as in Simek and Hermann Pálsson, 2007, p. 169-170 or the monograph Whaley, 1991.
Diderichsen, 1976.
Björn Magnússon Ólsen, 1888a, p. 7.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 1, p. 49-50.
Ibid., p. 199-200.
Ibid., p. 50 and 200.
Ibid., p. 194-195.
All the information on his journey to Iceland are taken from Björn Magnússon Ólsen, 1888a, p. 13-20, except biographical information.
All sponsored, among other Old Norse-Icelandic publications, Rask’s edition of Björn Jónsson’s Icelandic-Latin dictionary in 1812, cf. Müller, 1814, p. vii-ix.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 1, p. 49-50.
Ibid., vol. 4, p. 348-349.
Ibid., p. 42-43.
He met of course many more during his two years in Iceland than are mentioned here, but here is only space for a selection.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 3, p. 457-458.
Ingi Sigurðsson, 1996, p. 179.
Helgi Magnússon, 1990, p. 198-207.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 4, p. 339-340.
Ibid., vol. 3, p. 458 and vol. 4, p. 340.
Ibid., p. 316-317 and Beck, 1933, p. 572-585.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 5, p. 240-241.
Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-1968.
It is conspicuous that more letters to Rask are extant than letters he wrote to Icelanders, and with many of them it is clear that they are replies. From all this we can deduce that many letters are now lost, which is supported by a letter to Grímur Jónsson, dated 23 August 1832, in which Rask mentions letters from Grímur that never arrived at their addressee, cf. Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-1968, vol. 2, p. 389. Rask furthermore asked his friends to burn the letters that deal with the polemic between him and Baldvin Einarsson, cf. Björn Magnússon Ólsen, 1888a, p. 118.
Unfortunately this high percentage is not reflected in the percentage of published letters, cf. the edition of Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-68, where the focus is on Danish correspondence. Björn Magnússon Ólsen, 1888b lists many letters to and from Icelanders as well, but has in a few instances a different number of letters, which is mostly due to findings after his article was published.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 2, p. 13-14.
Björn Magnússon Ólsen, however, interprets the letters differently and describes them as “aldavinir” (close friends), Björn Magnússon Ólsen, 1888a, p. 9.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 4, p. 361-362.
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 288-289.
Ingi Sigurðsson, 1972.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 1, p. 369.
His letters from 8 August 1826 and 30 August 1829, Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-1968, vol. 2, p. 356 and 372.
Þjóðskjalasafn Íslands, n.d., for the years 1835-1855.
Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-1968, vol. 2, p. 353, 357, 361, 362, 366 and 367. There is furthermore a receipt of a loan extant that Ólafur, Japhet’s brother, sent to Rask on 7 June 1832, cf. Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-1968, vol. 2, p. 387.
A copy of the librarian’s letter to the Arnamagnæan Commission, dated 1 April 1833, the Arnamagnæan Collection, arkivæske 12. The first mention of the purchase is in a letter by C. C. Rafn and Finnur Magnússon to the commission, dated 18 February 1833, in which they advise the commission to accept the sales offer of Rask’s brother, cf. the Arnamagnæan Collection, arkivæske 12, and is again mentioned in the minutes of meetings of the commission for 22 February 1833 as item no. 10, cf. the Arnamagnæan Collection, arkivæske 5, forhandlingsprotokol, p. 279-280.
Katalog…, 1889-1894, vol. 2, p. 509-563.
A short overview of the historical background of the Jónsbók and its ramifications can be found in Gunnar Karlsson, 2000, p. 90-92. The standard edition of the code of laws is Jónsbók, 1970, but an English translation and introduction can be found in Jónsbók, 2010.
Rask’s pecuniar struggles are mentioned several times in his biographies, cf., for example, Rask, 2002, p. 77-78.
Katalog…, 1889-94, vol. 2, p. 513 and 540.
Þorvaldur, in turn, seems to have got several manuscripts from the Rev. Jón Ásgeirsson (1740-1810) from Sandar, such as Rask 27, which was written partly by Jón’s father-in-law and partly by Þorvaldur himself, cf. Katalog…, 1889-94, vol. 2, p. 517. Þorvaldur bought Rask 28, 30 and 51 on 17 August 1811, cf. Katalog…, 1889-94, vol. 2, p. 518, 519 and 536, most likely from Jón’s descendants or at an auction of Jón’s legacy.
Björn Magnússon Ólsen, 1888a, p. 16. Part of the translation is still extant and bears the shelf-mark Rask 46 b.
Katalog…, 1889-1894, vol. 2, p. 548.
Ibid. Hallgrímur Scheving, the teacher at the school, was Rask’s friend from the university in Copenhagen and it is said that Hallgrímur supplied Rask with linguistic works, cf. Björn Magnússon Ólsen, 1888a, p. 18.
Hallgrímur made annotations to Bjarni Thorarensen’s Icelandic grammar in Rask 19 and added a table of contents to Rask 83, cf. Katalog…, 1889-1894, vol. 2, p. 513 and 583.
Katalog…, 1889-1894, vol. 2, p. 540.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 2, p. 120-121.
Ibid., vol. 4, p. 292.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 322-323.
These are Rask 7, 27-32, 34, 38, 48, 51-53, 55, 66-68 and 89 a. Rask mentions in a letter to Grímur Jónsson, dated 21 April 1817, a manuscript that he got from the Rev. Eggert, cf. Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-1968, vol. 2, p. 220. This manuscript bears now the self-mark Rask 7.
These are Rask 4, 16, 19 and 103.
Flateyjarbók (the book of Flatey, GKS 1005 fol., The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, Reykjavík) is a large, decorated Icelandic manuscript from the end of the fourteenth century and contains mostly kings’ sagas, cf., for example, Ashman Rowe, 2005.
Katalog…, 1889-1994, vol. 2, p. 562.
Commendable introductions to Old Norse literature are found in Old Norse-Icelandic literature, 1985 and A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture, 2007. Simek and Hermann Pálsson, 2007 is a concise lexicon in German and Medieval Scandinavia, 1993 in English.
For a first overview, cf. Simek and Hermann Pálsson, 2007, p. 320-322 or Vésteinn Ólason, 1982, p. 52-78.
Besides the aforementioned introductions, cf. Vésteinn Ólason, 1998.
Besides the aforementioned introductions, cf. Cormack, 1994 and Meulengracht Sørensen, 2006, p. 173-207.
For a first overview cf., for example, Schlauch, 1934 and Kalinke, 1990.
Cf. Katalog…, 1889-1894, vol. 2, p. 534. The scribe is to my knowledge anonymous.
Ibid., p. 558-559.
Rask, 2002, p. 32. Rask also consumed literature for the sake of recreation, as his involvement in the theatre during his stay in Iceland bears witness, cf. Louis-Jensen, 1987, p. 7.
Katalog…, 1889-1894, vol. 2, p. 512.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 2, p. 239-240.
Björn Magnússon Ólsen, 1888a, p. 10-11.
He thought, in fact, not highly of the manuscript. In the note about the previous owner of the manuscript on fol. 65r, he adds a comment about frequent mistakes in the dictionary. This makes its contents perhaps less valuable from a scholarly point of view, but it still shows that he used it and studied it thoroughly.
Katalog…, 1889-1894, vol. 2, p. 521.
For a detailed manuscript description, cf. Handrit, n.d. and Hufnagel, 2012, p. 177 and 189.
Manuscripts were generally bound after they were written, cf. Jakobi-Mirwald, 2004, p. 125.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 2, p. 63 and vol. 4, p. 45.
Hufnagel, 2012, p. 180.
Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 2, p. 63 and vol. 4, p. 45.
For a first overview cf., for example, Kretschmer, 1982 and Les sagas de chevaliers, 1985. Kalinke and Mitchell, 1985 provide a bibliography for the genre.
For an introduction, cf., for example, Torfi H. Tulinius, 2002 and the conference proceedings The legendary sagas, 2012. Stories for all time, n.d. provides an extensive online-bibliography, including information on manuscripts that contain mythical-heroic sagas.
A large research project, based at the Arnamagnean Institute in Copenhagen, conducted research in the transmission of the mythical-heroic sagas, cf. the project’s website for more information: Stories for all time: The Icelandic fornaldarsögur, n.d. A project anthology is furthermore in preparation.
Rafn cites the manuscript under its old shelf-mark Addit. 82b, cf. Fornaldar sögur…, ed. Rafn, 1830, p. xi.
Sturlaugs saga starfsama, 1969, p. 333.
Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2012, p. 7. Square notation is used, which was already out-dated by the time “Melódía” was written (personal e-mail communication with Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 30 January 2012).
Most of the songs have been published in Íslenzk þjóðlög, 1906-1909, p. 209-315. A CD with 33 songs from the manuscript was published in 2007 (Kammerkórinn Carmina, 2007). In addition, some songs have been recorded on the CD Tvísöngur, 2004.
Katalog…, 1889-1894, vol. 2, p. 556.
Íslenzk fornkvæði, 1963, p. xxvi. The earliest research on the manuscript dates it to c. 1650, cf. Jón Þorkelsson, 1888, p. 456, footnote 1. Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, who has conducted extensive research on the manuscript, argues that the manuscript was more likely to have been written between 1670 and 1680 (personal e-mail communication, 30 January 2012), but returns to cite Jón Helgason’s slightly earlier dating in his most recent article, Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2012, p. 7.
Jón Þorkelsson, 1888, p. 456, footnote 1. The Rev. Ólafur Jónsson is considered one of the greatest poets of Iceland, cf. Páll Eggert Ólason, 1919-1926, vol. 4, p. 610, and his poetry is contained in a multitude of manuscripts, cf. Handrit, n.d. and Skrá, 1918-1937. For a first overview of Ólafur’s poetry collection (kvæðabók), cf. Jón Þórarinsson, 2012, p. 271-272.
Íslenzk fornkvæði, 1963, p. xxviii. Jón Ólafsson was an Icelander who was in the service of the Danish king and travelled as far as India, cf. Íslenzkar æviskrár, 1948-1952, vol. 3, p. 234-235, hence his nickname “the India-traveller”. How popular his autobiography and travelogue have been can be seen in the considerable number of editions and translations up to the present day. The biography and travelogue, besides his poetry, are furthermore contained in a large number of Icelandic manuscripts, cf. Gegnir, n.d. and Handrit, n.d.
Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2003, p. 21-23 and Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2012, p. 26-29. This is in open contrast to the statement by Jón Þórarinsson in his overview of Icelandic music that the most recent research supports Jón Helagson’s claim, see Jón Þórarinsson, 2012, p. 282.
Íslenzk fornkvæði, 1963, p. xxix.
Eggen, 1968, liv. Turning Catholic songs into songs suitable for the Protestant liturgy was a common custom in the early days of the Reformation, beside composing new hymns and turning popular, secular songs into liturgical ones. Cf., for example, Einar Sigurðsson í Eydölum, 2007, p. xiii and Jón Þórarinsson, 2012, p. 194-195.
Nine of the ten manuscripts that contain the Sanctus-song are from Central Europe, cf. Róbert Abraham Ottósson, 1969, p. 257.
Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2004, p. 195-198.
Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2003, p. 7-8 and 13-14.
Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2012.
Íslenzk þjóðlög, 1906-1909, p. 207.
Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2004, p. 202.
Personal information that Jón Þórarinsson, 2012, p. 270 got from Guðrún Laufey Guðmundsdóttir.
Árni Heimir Ingólfsson, 2012, p. 7.
Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-1968, p. 172.
Cf., for example, Nordstrand, 1960, p. 138. They are described in Codices Orientales, 1846-1957 and the catalogues of the series Catalogue of Oriental manuscripts, 1966. Unfortunately the information on the provenance of the Oriental manuscripts in the Royal Library is rather sketchy, cf. Dahl, 1945.
Nordstrand, 1974, p. 73.
Nordstrand, 1974, p. 71. The list is found in NKS 149 e 4to, 81 B, fols. 1r-2v, Royal Library, Copenhagen. A committee of the University of Copenhagen was set up to supply Rask with instructions for purchases, cf. a document copied in a letter from P. E. Müller to Rask from 13 April 1819, Breve fra og til Rasmus Rask, 1941-68, vol. 2, p. 321, but is it unclear if such instructions ever reached Rask.
Nordstrand, 1961, p. 56 and 70-74, where several notes are printed.
Ibid., p. 72-73 and 64.
Ibid., p. 73-74.
Ibid., p. 53.
Ibid.
NKS 149 c and d 1 4to and NKS 2085 h 4to in the Royal Library in Copenhagen contain some of his drafts and notes on Old Norse-Icelandic, too, and are interesting for a study of his works as well.
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